Oyster Farming Methods

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Oyster Farming & Aquaculture

 There are four main techniques for raising oysters in North America.  Beach or Bottom Cultured (or Intertidal Cultured), Rack & Bag Cultured, Longline Cultured, Suspended Tray or Suspended Lantern Cultured.  Each method imparts different qualities to the oyster flavor profile, texture, and shell characteristics.  Two additional variations are Bag to Beach and Tumbling.  Bag to Beach is a combination of Rack & Bag cultivation & Beach cultivation.  Tumbling is a variation of Suspension Cultivation where suspended oysters are tumbled to increase shell strength and meat texture. 

Bottom or Beach Cultured Oysters

Beach/Bottom Cultured Oysters, also called Intertidal Cultured Oysters, are oysters which are raised on tidal beaches with sandy or rocky bottoms.  These oysters are accustomed  to fighting the tides, clamping tightly shut during low tides to preserve their “liquor” and to protect themselves against predators.  Because of this “tough” life, beach raised oysters are hearty.  They have hard, sturdy shells which shuckers like to work with.  And their ability to close tightly, coupled with their hard shells, gives them a longer shelf life.

Rack & Bag Cultured Oysters

Rack & bag cultured oysters are grown in mesh cages or bags which are generally staked about one to two feet off the bottom.  Oysters raised by the rack & bag method are protected from predators and do not become cramped for space as they grow.  They also do not have to filter as much sand & mud in order to get nutrients, thus they grow faster.  They develop a deeper cup than beach cultured oysters.  However, if the oyster is raised entirely this way then they are pampered and their shells are brittle which makes them difficult to shuck without breaking. 

Longline Cultured Oysters

Longline culture is a variation of off bottom culture where long ropes with seedling oysters attached are suspended.  This suspension method is usually done horizontally and staked about one to two feet above the bottom in an intertidal region.  But sometimes the lines are suspended vertically in deep water.  Longline cultured oysters have a sturdier shell and firmer meats than suspendion tray raised oysters because the longline does allow for more interaction with the environment and requires more tenacity for the oyster to remain attached to the line whereas cage oysters simply sit there. 

Suspended Culture Oysters

Oysters which are cultivated by the  suspension method are the primadonnas of oyster.  They are suspended, in mesh trays or a Japanese lantern shaped nets, in deep water their entire lives, protected from predators, mud, sand and silt.  They have beautiful shells with deep cups, but they are an oyster shucker’s nightmare because their shells are brittle since they never had to fight for survival.  The oyster flavor profile of suspended oysters tends to be clean, sweet & light, with meats which are tender. 

Bag to Beach Cultured Oysters

Oysters raised by the bag to beach method combine two oyster farming methods.  Rack & bag oysters are taken from their pampered environment and put into the beach culture environment during their last 6 months before harvesting.  This allows them to "toughen up" a bit, giving them stronger, less brittle shells and firmer meats. 

Tumbling

Some oysters which are raised by the suspension method are put through an additional step where they are periodically tumbled.  This strengthens their shells and adds firmness to the meats.  It also adds a distinctive look to the shell as it becomes smoother from tumbling.  The Kusshi Oyster is an example of this additional process in practice.